"نقد عقل محض" (Critique of Pure Reason) is a philosophical work by Immanuel Kant published in 1781. In this book, Kant explores the limitations and capabilities of human reason, arguing that while we can gain knowledge through experience, there are fundamental concepts that shape our understanding of the world. Kant distinguishes between two types of knowledge: a priori, which is independent of experience, and a posteriori, which is derived from experience. He asserts that our understanding of reality is shaped by both sensory experiences and innate concepts, leading to his famous idea that "the mind plays an active role in constructing knowledge."