"عثمانی" refers to the Ottoman Empire, a historical state that existed from the late 13th century until the early 20th century. Founded by عثمان غازی, the empire expanded across three continents, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It was known for its rich culture, architecture, and significant contributions to art and science. The empire reached its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries under the rule of سلیمان القانونی. The عاصمة was استنبول, formerly known as قسطنطنیه, which became a major center of trade and culture. The Ottoman Empire officially ended after World War I, leading to the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey.