"Βυζαντινές" refers to the Byzantine Empire, which was the continuation of the Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It lasted from approximately 330 AD, when Constantinople was established, until 1453, when the city fell to the Ottoman Turks. The empire was known for its rich culture, art, and architecture, including the famous Hagia Sophia. The Byzantine Empire played a crucial role in preserving ancient Greek and Roman knowledge, as well as spreading Christianity. Its complex political structure and military strategies helped it survive for over a thousand years, influencing neighboring regions and cultures throughout its history.